Judgment and Decision Making

 Judgment and Decision making are mantal skills that every pilot can learn.

there are two fundamental principles of Decision Making :

Perception
-become aware
-observe
-detect
-understand the situation

Ability to distinuish between correct and incorrect solutions
Able to distinuish
-recognize
-see clearly
-understand distinctions correct or incorrect alternatives to a solution

Judgment

Judgment is a cognitive progress which a decision is made.

Good decision 
-knowledge
-keen preception
-ability to recognize an appropriate course of action

Never assume that every positive outcome is the result of an appropriate decision.

Good judgment and decision making in practice

preception

Developing accurate preception requires four essential skills

A vigulant sense of awareness
Observation
Detection
Understanding

Case study of Air Florida Flight 90

Basic information

Air Florida Flight 90 was an Air Florida flight of a Boeing 737-222 airliner that crashed into the 14th Street Bridge across the Potomac River near Washington, D.C. on January 13, 1982 immediately after takeoff in a severe snowstorm. The accident claimed the lives of 78 people, including four in cars on the 14th Street Bridge. However, a few survivors from the shattered aircraft were rescued from the icy river by a combination of heroic efforts of civilians and professionals. Some of that heroism was commended during President Ronald Reagan's State of the Union speech a few days later. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the cause of the accident was aircraft icing and the failure of the pilots to use all of their anti-icing equipment or abort the takeoff.

that was a heavy snow day, the flight waited to depart. for preventing the enginee failure due to icing, the airport designer designed an anti-ice system.
in this accident the main error is that  flight crew failed to turn on the engine anti-ice which allowed the ice to form in the engine  compressor.

 to be continued